REMEDIUMREMEDIUM1561-59362658-3534Joint-Stock Company Chicot158510.32687/1561-5936-2023-27-1-86-91Original ArticleThe history of the opioid epidemic in USAKhabibovaMarta R.001MezentsevaEkaterina S.002Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy, Perm, Russia151220231869109102025Copyright © 2023,2023The history of the use and abuse of opioid drugs is investigated in article, the data on the opioid crisis (opioid epidemic) in the United States is analyzed and structured. The history of the opioid crisis is divided by the authors into three waves, each of which is associated with a particular opioid drug (oxycodone, heroin, fentanyl).opioids, opioid epidemic, opioid crisis, fentanyl, morphine, opium, drug addictionопиоидыопиоидная эпидемияопиоидный кризисфентанилморфинопийнаркотическая зависимость[Moosavyzadeha A., Ghaffarib F., Mosavatc S. H. et al. The medieval Persian manuscript of Afyunieh: the first individual treatiseon the opium and addiction in history. J. Integrat. Med. 2018; 16(2): 77—83. doi: 10.1016/j.joim.2018.02.004][Nesměrák K., Štícha M., Belianský M., Červený V. Laudanum opiatum caesareum: authentication of the composition of a historical pharmaceutical preparation from the eighteenth century using a multianalytical approach. Monatshefte für Chemie/Chemical Monthly. 2021; 152(9): 1089—1096.][Dejvenport-Hajns R. In search of oblivion. World history of drugs 1500—2000. Moscow; 2004.][Christison R. Cases and Observations in Medical Jurisprudence. Case X. On the effects of opium-eating on health and longevity. Lancet. 1832; 37(110): 123—132.][Little R. On the habitual use of opium. Mon. J. Med. Sci. 1850; 1(6): 524—531.][Crotiiers T. D. Some new studies of the opium disease. JAMA. 1892; XVIII(8): 227—233.][Obladen M. Lethal lullabies: a history of opium use in infants. J. Hum. Lact. 2016; 32(1): 75—85. doi: 10.1177/0890334415594615][Keefe P. R. Empire of pain: the secret history of the Sackler dynasty. N.Y.; 2021.][Turk D. C., Brody M. C., Okifuji A. E. Physicians' attitudes and practices regarding the long-term prescribing of opioids for non-cancer pain. Pain. 1994; 59(2): 201—208. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(94)90072-8][Leung P. T.M., Macdonald E. M., Dhalla I. A., Juurlink D. N. A 1980 letter on the risk of opioid addiction. New Engl. J. Med. 2017; 376(22): 2194—2195. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1700150][McGinty E. E. Criminal activity or treatable health condition? News media framing of opioid analgesic abuse in the United States, 1998—2012. Psychiatric Serv. 2016; 67(4): 405—411. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201500065][Podolsky S. H., Herzberg D., Greene J. A. Preying on prescribers (and their patients) — pharmaceutical marketing, iatrogenic epidemics, and the Sackler legacy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2019; 380(19): 1785—1787. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1902811][Rudd R. A., Paulozzi L. J., Bauer M. J. et al. Increases in heroin overdose deaths — 28 states, 2010 to 2012. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 2014; 63(39): 849—854.][Mars S. A., Bourgois Ph., Karandinos G. et al. “Every ‘never’ I ever said came true”: transitions from opioid pills to heroin injecting. Int. J. Drug Policy. 2014; 25(2): 257—266. doi: 10.1016/j.drug-po.2013.10.004][Cardia L., Calapai G., Quattrone D. et al. Preclinical and clinical pharmacology of hydrocodone for chronic pain: a mini review. Front. Pharmacol. 2018; 9: 1122. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01122][Gladden R. M., Martinez P., Seth P. Fentanyl law enforcement submissions and increases in synthetic opioid—involved overdose deaths — 27 states, 2013—2014. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 2016; 65: 837—843. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6533a2][Dowell D., Ragan K. R., Jones Ch.M. et al. CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for prescribing opioids for pain — United States, 2022. MMWR Recomm. Rep. 2022; 71(3): 1—95. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.rr7103a1]